---
url: "https://questionstar.com/principles-of-survey-research/chapter-2/slide-066.html"
title: "Latent Constructs and Multi-Item Scales"
type: "lehrbuch-slide"
chapter: 2
chapterTitle: "Survey: Measurement and Scaling"
slide: 66
---

# Latent Constructs and Multi-Item Scales

*A phenomenon (e.g. customer satisfaction) that is not directly observable or measurable.*

### Latent construct

A phenomenon (e.g. **customer satisfaction** ) that is **not directly** observable or measurable.

That doesn't mean it doesn't "exist" — only that it can be inferred from other, measurable phenomena ( **indicators** ).

Example · how "satisfaction" is asked

satisfied dissatisfied

delighted annoyed

favorable unfavorable

pleasant unpleasant

I liked it very much … not at all

gratified frustrated

wonderful terrible

7 items · Cronbach's α = **0.84**

*[Diagramm: Latent Constructs and Multi-Item Scales]*

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*Slide 66 of 274 · Chapter 2: Survey: Measurement and Scaling · Principles of Survey Research · Dr. Paul Marx*