---
url: "https://questionstar.com/principles-of-survey-research/chapter-5/slide-180.html"
title: "Cross-Tabulations"
type: "lehrbuch-slide"
chapter: 5
chapterTitle: "Data Analysis: A Concise Overview of Statistical Techniques"
slide: 180
---

# Cross-Tabulations

*Case 1 · the third variable*

Does ownership of expensive car brands depend on level of education?

Ownership of expensive car brands by level of education and income level

| Ownership of an expensive car | High income | Low income |  |  |
|------|------|------|------|------|
| College degree | No college degree | College degree | No college degree |  |
| yes | 20 % | 20 % | 40 % | 40 % |
| no | 80 % | 80 % | 60 % | 60 % |
| Total | 100 % | 100 % | 100 % | 100 % |
| Number of cases | 100 | 700 | 150 | 50 |

Is the relationship still there?

No — within each income group, car ownership is the same (20% and 40% respectively). The relationship with level of education was **spurious** ; in fact, income is what matters.

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*Slide 180 of 274 · Chapter 5: Data Analysis: A Concise Overview of Statistical Techniques · Principles of Survey Research · Dr. Paul Marx*