---
url: "https://questionstar.com/principles-of-survey-research/chapter-5/slide-196.html"
title: "Hypothesis Testing"
type: "lehrbuch-slide"
chapter: 5
chapterTitle: "Data Analysis: A Concise Overview of Statistical Techniques"
slide: 196
---

# Hypothesis Testing

*χ² should always be computed using only absolute frequencies. If the data are given in percentages (relative frequencies), they must first be converted…*

fe — frequencies we would expect in the cells if there were no relationship.

fo — the frequencies actually observed.

Step 3 · Choosing the appropriate test statistic

![χ² = Σ over all cells (f_o − f_e)² / f_e](/principles-of-survey-research/media/ht_chi_formel.png)

χ² should always be computed using only **absolute frequencies** . If the data are given in percentages (relative frequencies), they must first be converted into absolute frequencies.

In our example:

χ ² = (5−7.5)²7.5 + (10−7.5)²7.5 + (10−7.5)²7.5 + (5−7.5)²7.5 = 0.833 · 4 = **3.333**

---

*Slide 196 of 274 · Chapter 5: Data Analysis: A Concise Overview of Statistical Techniques · Principles of Survey Research · Dr. Paul Marx*