---
url: "https://questionstar.com/principles-of-survey-research/chapter-5/slide-205.html"
title: "Cramer's V"
type: "lehrbuch-slide"
chapter: 5
chapterTitle: "Data Analysis: A Concise Overview of Statistical Techniques"
slide: 205
---

# Cramer's V

*The higher V, the stronger the relationship between the variables.*

![V = square root of χ² divided by n times (min(r,c) − 1)](/principles-of-survey-research/media/formel_v.png)

r — number of rows

c — number of columns

The higher V , the stronger the relationship between the variables.

Values **> 0.30** are considered substantial.

V values have an upper limit of 1, but they too can actually reach it only for 2×2 tables.

Problems:

- V is not standardized and depends on the table dimensions.
- V values from different studies cannot be compared with one another.

In our example:

![V = square root of 3.333 divided by 30 times (2 − 1) = 0.333](/principles-of-survey-research/media/formel_v_bsp.png)

The relationship is **not particularly strong.**

---

*Slide 205 of 274 · Chapter 5: Data Analysis: A Concise Overview of Statistical Techniques · Principles of Survey Research · Dr. Paul Marx*